Existen múltiples enfermedades que directa o indirectamente afectan al splicing, por varios mecanismos.
Mutaciones de un gen que afectan a sus sitios de splicing .
Cis- regulatory element splicing mutations.
Mutaciones tipo I. Sitio donador canónico (GT). Suelen anotarse con -1/-2/-3 tras la posición del nucleótido que finaliza el exón.
Mutaciones tipo II. Variantes intrónicas profundas que producen inclusión exónica críptica.
Mutaciones tipo III y V. Variantes exónicas que producen alteración del splicing (distintas del sitio aceptor y donador canónico) por afectación de enhacers y silencers.
Mutaciones tipo IV. Sitio aceptor canónico (AG). Suelen anotarse con +1/+2/+3 tras la posición del nucleótido que inicia el exón.
Mutaciones que afectan el “branch point” y el tracto de polipirimidina.
Trans-regulatory element splicing mutations.
Mutaciones dinámicas (STR) que dan lugar a productos tóxicos que alteran el normal funcionamiento del splicing y la transcripción.
Mutaciones que afectan a la maquinaria de regulación del splicing (spliceosoma), dentro de la maquinaria de regulación de la transcripción.
Estrategias para demostrar la patogenicidad.
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