運動障害の記号学を解釈するには、次のことを知る必要があります。 運動システム制御の階層。
緊張亢進.
- 剛性。
- ジストニア
- 痙縮。


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1.
サンガー TD、デルガド MR、ゲイブラー=スピラ D、ハレット M、ミンク JW。小児期の筋緊張亢進を引き起こす疾患の分類と定義。小児科[インターネット]。 2003 年 1 月 1 日 [2016 年 1 月 21 日引用];111(1):e89–97。以下から入手可能: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.111.1.e89
探索技術。
緊張亢進した関節を評価するために、臨床医は、動作が動作中に起こるか安静時に起こるか、特定のトリガー動作や課題の特異性があるかどうかなど、異常な緊張と不随意運動についての両親の説明を引き出す必要があります。安静時の姿勢と重力に対する手足の位置を観察します。可能であれば、子供が横になっている、座っている、歩いている、走っている様子を観察してください。苦情に、特定の活動や課題に対する異常なパフォーマンスや姿勢が含まれている場合は、影響を受ける課題を実行している子供を観察する必要があります。異常に固定されたり、ねじれたり、繰り返される姿勢や、機能制限の程度に注意する必要があります。
試験する各関節について、以下の観察を行う必要があります。トーンへの不安の寄与を認識して、検査中はできるだけリラックスし、検査中の身体部分を重力から支える必要があります。頭部は、強直性頸反射によるトーンへの寄与を避けるために、正中線に維持する必要があります。さらに、仰向けに寝ている場合は、頭部と胴体は快適に休息している必要があります。
- 筋肉を触診して、安静時に収縮が起こっているかどうかを確認します。
- 可能であれば、子供の仰向け、座位、立位の状態で、また気を散らしている状態で、影響を受けた関節の動きに対する抵抗を測定します。
- 非常に遅い速度 (動作が完了するまでに 3 秒)、中程度の速度 (動作が完了するまでに 0.5 秒)、および速い速度 (できるだけ早く) で受動的可動域を測定します。動作開始時の抵抗、動作開始後の「引っ掛かり」の有無、引っ掛かりが生じる関節角度に注目してください。
- 低速、中速、高速で運動方向に突然反転を行い、反転直後(共収縮を示唆)または反転後のしばらくの時点(痙性キャッチを示唆)における抵抗の増加の有無、および速度依存性に注目します。
- 子供に反対側の同じ関節を動かし、不随意運動を観察するように指示し、ゆっくりとした他動的な運動に対する抵抗の変化をテストします。遠く離れた無関係な関節を対側で動かし、次に同側で動かすように子供に指示し、不随意運動や他動運動に対する抵抗の変化を観察します。
運動機能不全の症状。
- 筋力低下(筋肉の活性化が不十分)。区別することが重要です 筋力低下 の ピラミッド型の弱点.
- 選択的運動制御の低下(筋肉の特定のパターンを活性化できない)。
- 運動失調(運動中に正しいパターンの筋肉を活性化できないこと)。
- 発達性失行および運動障害(課題を遂行するための正しいパターンの筋肉を活性化できない、課題指向)。
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1.
サンガー TD、チェン D、デルガド MR、ゲーブラー・スピラ D、ハレット M、ミンク JW、他小児期における負の運動兆候の定義と分類。小児科[インターネット]。 2006 年 11 月 1 日 [2016 年 1 月 21 日引用];118(5):2159–67。以下から入手可能: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/5/2159
障害 運動過多.
- ジストニア
- kore
- アテトーゼ。
- ミオクローヌス。
- 震える。
- チック。
- 固定観念。


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1.
サンガー TD、チェン D、フェーリングス DL、ハレット M、ラング AE、ミンク JW、他小児期の多動運動の定義と分類。 Mov Disord [インターネット]。 2010 年 8 月 15 日 [2015 年 6 月 15 日引用];25(11):1538–49。以下から入手可能: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2929378/
運動低下障害(パーキンソン病)。
| パーキンソニズムのサブタイプ | 4つの軸による定義 I.発症年齢a II.臨床的特徴 Ⅲ.結果 IV.病因 |
|---|---|
| 発達性パーキンソニズム | I. 乳児期または幼児期 II.筋緊張低下、運動低下、運動緩慢、姿勢発達の乱れ、GDD、安静時振戦またはその他の粗い振動性けいれん、症状の周期的変動、自律神経失調症、OGC、胎児の運動パターンの持続 Ⅲ.ドーパミン作動薬および/または生体アミンの前駆体に対する持続的な反応性。早期治療対象者における正常な神経発達、後期治療対象者におけるMDの有無にかかわらずさまざまな程度のID、未治療/後期治療対象者における非変性進行 IV.原発性神経伝達物質障害(例:TH、SR、AADC、PTPS欠乏症) |
| 乳児および幼児期の変性パーキンソニズム | I. 乳児期または幼児期 II.重度の硬直性運動低下症候群、多焦点性ミオクロニー性けいれんまたは粗い振動性けいれん、ジストニア、姿勢発達の欠如、進行性GDD、自律神経失調症、OGC Ⅲ.ドーパミン作動薬に対する初期の劇的な反応、その後の WARS2 欠損症における反応の悪化。 DAT 欠乏症には治療法がありません。進行性の経過は、DaTSCAN 画像の顕著な変化によっても記録されています IV.一次性または二次性の神経伝達物質障害(例:DAT、WARS2欠損症) |
| 神経発達障害におけるパーキンソニズム | I. 幼少期から青年期まで II.早期発症の神経発達障害 (GDD、ID) に続き、時間の経過とともにパーキンソン病の特徴が出現します。てんかんとの関連が多い Ⅲ.時間の経過とともに明確な進歩はありません。回帰とそれに続く安定化の考えられる段階 IV.神経発達障害(例: MECP2) |
| 多系統性脳疾患におけるパーキンソニズム | I. 幼少期から青年期まで II.多系統脳関与の兆候との関連(痙縮、運動失調、ミオクローヌス、ジストニア、舞踏病、認知機能低下/認知症、てんかんなど)。表現型はパーキンソニズムに関連する他の特徴によって支配される可能性がある Ⅲ.特定の脳画像異常または代謝変化に関連する時間の経過に伴う進行 IV.多系統の関与を伴う神経変性障害または神経代謝性障害(「 表2, 表S1 条件のリストについては) |
| 若年性パーキンソニズムおよびジストニア・パーキンソニズム | I. 幼少期(まれに)、青年期 II.パーキンソニズムは、主に非定型パーキンソニズムの形で現れる主な症状であり、ジストニア、ミオクローヌス、および認知機能低下を伴う場合も伴わない場合もあります。 Ⅲ.レボドパ反応、運動合併症の発症、パーキンソン症状の進行は、特定の遺伝的状態によって異なります(例:レボドパに対する良好な反応) DNAJC6, SYNJ1, ピンク1、応答がありません プラクラ, ATP1A3; 初期のエンジンの複雑さ 駐車する そして ピンク1;進行が遅い SYNJ1、急速な進歩 DNAJC6) IV.原発性ジストニアまたは単一遺伝子性パーキンソニズム遺伝子(例、 プラクラ, ATP1A3, 駐車する, ピンク1, SYNJ1、DNAJC12、DNAJC6) |
| 後天性パーキンソニズム | I. 幼少期から青年期まで ⅡとⅢ。臨床的特徴と転帰は病因によって異なります IV.窒息、感染症、免疫介在性疾患、中毒、薬物、腫瘍、副甲状腺機能低下症および偽性副甲状腺機能低下症、水頭症(を参照) 表3, 表S2) |
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Leuzzi V、Nardecchia F、Pons R、Galosi S. 小児のパーキンソン病:臨床分類と病因スペクトル。パーキンソニズムと関連疾患 [インターネット]。 2021 年 1 月 1 日 [2023 年 3 月 14 日引用];82:150–7。以下から入手可能: https://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353-8020(20)30777-X/fulltext
