Nous comprenons le neurodéveloppement comme le processus d’acquisition de compétences et d’aptitudes réalisé par le système nerveux central tout au long de l’enfance. Il s’agit d’un processus hiérarchique, séquentiel et stéréotypé, génétiquement codé mais modulé par l’environnement.

Nous pouvons classer le développement neuronal dans différents domaines, en fonction des compétences qui sont impliquées.

Il existe également certaines compétences multidomaines spécifiques qui sont utiles pour évaluer le développement cérébral d'un enfant.

D'autre part, de nombreuses fonctions physiologiques sont également conditionnées par le développement neuronal, ce qui nécessite d'évaluer les enfants en tenant compte de cela.

Évaluation quantitative.
Jalons de développement. Que voulons-nous dire ?
  • Pour son évaluation correcte, il est nécessaire de connaître quels sont les jalons attendus en fonction de l'âge.
  • Traditionnellement en pédiatrie, ils ont été appris en tenant compte de l'âge auquel la population moyenne les acquiert, Au lieu de connaître sa répartition statistique dans le temps ou fenêtre de développement (âge auquel le 10e percentile, le 50e percentile et le 90e percentile l'atteignent).

mm_windows_graphDécharge
  • Il est pleinement démontré que l'utilisation de tests de dépistage Elle est beaucoup plus précise en évaluation clinique, puisqu'elle permet une meilleure évaluation que l'application d'une liste de « jalons normaux ».
Le test Denver-II est un outil de dépistage basé sur la population américaine.
Test Denver IIDécharge
Le test Haizea-Llevant est basé sur la population espagnole.

Essai Haizea-LlevantDécharge
Quantification du développement. La meilleure stratégie à comparer.

Les tests de dépistage ne servent cependant qu'à connaître la situation de développement à un moment donné et à pouvoir différencier les enfants neurotypiques de ceux qui présentent des symptômes d'alarme.

Lorsque nous avons identifié un enfant présentant des problèmes de développement neurologique, il est nécessaire mesure à travers une échelle de développement, les différents domaines et le développement global, et le comparer avec une population standardisée. Les échelles de développement permettent généralement de calculer un «âge équivalent ou développemental«.

Avec un âge de développement, nous pouvons calculer le quotient de développement. Ils peuvent être classés en retards légers (CD 70-100), modérés (CD 50-70) et sévères (CD inférieurs à 50).

Certaines échelles de développement fournissent même une score standardisé avec la position statistique de l'enfant par rapport à la cohorte normale (score z ou T), pouvant connaître l'écart statistique et donc la gravité du problème.

Trajectoires de développement. L'outil de prévision le plus puissant.

Cependant, une mesure isolée dans le temps ne permet de connaître que la situation statique. Lorsque l'on obtient plusieurs mesures successives, on peut en déduire une chemin de développement, which is a very powerful tool when it comes to inferring a prognosis. It is especially important to conserve evolutionary records in order to diagnose early the régression du développement.

Trajectoires développementales et variabilité du neurodéveloppement normotypique.

Évaluation qualitative.

En plus d'évaluer si le développement se produit avec déséquilibre par rapport au développement normal, il faut se demander s'il existe symptômes dont la présence en soi constitue un symptôme d'alarme (drapeaux rouges).

Outils de formation :

Il existe plusieurs outils pour se former à l’évaluation du neurodéveloppement.

  • Sur le Web chemins Des vidéos sont disponibles avec les étapes normales du développement en fonction de l'âge chronologique.
  • Sur le site Web du CUDAP, il y a un test de dépistage avec des enregistrements vidéo à appliquer par les parents.

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