Las enfermedades mitocondriales son un grupo de trastornos genéticos que afectan las mitocondrias, las estructuras celulares encargadas de producir energía en forma de ATP (adenosín trifosfato). Estas enfermedades son causadas por mutaciones en el ADN mitocondrial o en los genes nucleares que codifican proteínas relacionadas con la función mitocondrial. Debido a que las mitocondrias son cruciales para el metabolismo energético de las células, los trastornos mitocondriales pueden afectar múltiples sistemas del cuerpo, incluyendo el cerebro, el sistema nervioso, los músculos, el corazón y otros órganos.

Características o peculiaridades de las enfermedades mitocondriales.
ADN NuclearADNmt
LocalizaciónNucleoMatriz mitocondrial
Tamaño3200 Mb16.6 kb
EstructuraDoble hélice antiparalela linearDoble hélice circular
IntronesPresentesAusentes
Secuencias no codificantesEl 98%El 7%
TranscripciónMonogénica. Tránscritos individuales para cada gen.Multigénica. Transcripción en bloque de todo el tránscrito.
Número de copias1 set por célulaDe cientos a miles por celula
Proteinas asociadasHistonasSin proteinas asociadas
Genes codificantes30.00037
CodonCódigo genético universalCódigo genético mitocondrial
  • Heteroplasmia. La heteroplasmia se refiere a la presencia de diferentes tipos de ADN mitocondrial en una célula o individuo. Las mitocondrias se multiplican dividiéndose de forma independiente al ciclo celular, y en el proceso de copiado pueden producirse errores que se van acumulando con el tiempo. Esta variación en el ADN mitocondrial se conoce como heteroplasmia.
  • Herencia mitocondrial. Las mitocondrias se heredan principalmente a través de la madre, y por lo tanto, el ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt) se hereda exclusivamente de la madre, a diferencia del ADN nuclear, que se hereda de ambos progenitores. Las mutaciones o variantes en el ADN mitocondrial se transmiten de madre a hijos, pero solo las hijas pueden transmitir estas mutaciones a sus descendientes. Los hijos varones no transmiten su ADN mitocondrial a su descendencia.
  • Código genético mitocondrial. El código genético mitocondrial es el conjunto de reglas que determina cómo la información contenida en el ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt) se traduce en proteínas dentro de las mitocondrias, y es similar pero no idéntico al código genético universal utilizado en el resto de la célula, que se encuentra en el ADN nuclear. En el código genético mitocondrial, algunas de las codificaciones de aminoácidos son diferentes, lo que significa que ciertos codones en el ARNm se traducen en aminoácidos diferentes en comparación con el código genético nuclear. Algunas de las diferencias más notables en el código genético mitocondrial son:
    • El codón AGA en el código nuclear codifica para el aminoácido arginina, mientras que en el código mitocondrial codifica para la serina.
    • El codón AGG en el código nuclear codifica para el aminoácido arginina, mientras que en el código mitocondrial también codifica para la serina.
    • El codón UGA en el código nuclear suele ser un codón de parada (codón de terminación), pero en el código mitocondrial codifica para el aminoácido triptófano.
  • Cromosoma mitocondrial. El término “cromosoma mitocondrial” se refiere al material genético contenido en las mitocondrias, pero es importante destacar que las mitocondrias no tienen estructuras cromosómicas similares a los cromosomas del núcleo. Aquí hay algunas características clave del ADN mitocondrial:
    • Forma y Estructura: El ADN mitocondrial suele presentarse en forma de un círculo cerrado, en contraste con los cromosomas lineales en el núcleo.
    • Genes: El ADN mitocondrial contiene un total de 37 genes.
    • Transcripción y Traducción: Las mitocondrias son capaces de transcribir y traducir su propio ADN, lo que les permite sintetizar las proteínas necesarias para su función. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las proteínas requeridas para la función mitocondrial son codificadas por el núcleo y luego importadas a las mitocondrias.

La imagen tiene un atributo ALT vacío; su nombre de archivo es imagen-3.png

Genes codificados en el ADNmt

The 37 genes of the Cambridge Reference Sequence for human mitochondrial DNA and their locations[30]

GeneTypeProductPositions
in the mitogenome		Strand
MT-ATP8protein codingATP synthase, Fo subunit 8 (complex V)08,366–08,572 (overlap with MT-ATP6)H
MT-ATP6protein codingATP synthase, Fo subunit 6 (complex V)08,527–09,207 (overlap with MT-ATP8)H
MT-CO1protein codingCytochrome c oxidase, subunit 1 (complex IV)05,904–07,445H
MT-CO2protein codingCytochrome c oxidase, subunit 2 (complex IV)07,586–08,269H
MT-CO3protein codingCytochrome c oxidase, subunit 3 (complex IV)09,207–09,990H
MT-CYBprotein codingCytochrome b (complex III)14,747–15,887H
MT-ND1protein codingNADH dehydrogenase, subunit 1 (complex I)03,307–04,262H
MT-ND2protein codingNADH dehydrogenase, subunit 2 (complex I)04,470–05,511H
MT-ND3protein codingNADH dehydrogenase, subunit 3 (complex I)10,059–10,404H
MT-ND4Lprotein codingNADH dehydrogenase, subunit 4L (complex I)10,470–10,766 (overlap with MT-ND4)H
MT-ND4protein codingNADH dehydrogenase, subunit 4 (complex I)10,760–12,137 (overlap with MT-ND4L)H
MT-ND5protein codingNADH dehydrogenase, subunit 5 (complex I)12,337–14,148H
MT-ND6protein codingNADH dehydrogenase, subunit 6 (complex I)14,149–14,673L
MT-RNR2protein codingHumanin——
MT-TAtransfer RNAtRNA-Alanine (Ala or A)05,587–05,655L
MT-TRtransfer RNAtRNA-Arginine (Arg or R)10,405–10,469H
MT-TNtransfer RNAtRNA-Asparagine (Asn or N)05,657–05,729L
MT-TDtransfer RNAtRNA-Aspartic acid (Asp or D)07,518–07,585H
MT-TCtransfer RNAtRNA-Cysteine (Cys or C)05,761–05,826L
MT-TEtransfer RNAtRNA-Glutamic acid (Glu or E)14,674–14,742L
MT-TQtransfer RNAtRNA-Glutamine (Gln or Q)04,329–04,400L
MT-TGtransfer RNAtRNA-Glycine (Gly or G)09,991–10,058H
MT-THtransfer RNAtRNA-Histidine (His or H)12,138–12,206H
MT-TItransfer RNAtRNA-Isoleucine (Ile or I)04,263–04,331H
MT-TL1transfer RNAtRNA-Leucine (Leu-UUR or L)03,230–03,304H
MT-TL2transfer RNAtRNA-Leucine (Leu-CUN or L)12,266–12,336H
MT-TKtransfer RNAtRNA-Lysine (Lys or K)08,295–08,364H
MT-TMtransfer RNAtRNA-Methionine (Met or M)04,402–04,469H
MT-TFtransfer RNAtRNA-Phenylalanine (Phe or F)00,577–00,647H
MT-TPtransfer RNAtRNA-Proline (Pro or P)15,956–16,023L
MT-TS1transfer RNAtRNA-Serine (Ser-UCN or S)07,446–07,514L
MT-TS2transfer RNAtRNA-Serine (Ser-AGY or S)12,207–12,265H
MT-TTtransfer RNAtRNA-Threonine (Thr or T)15,888–15,953H
MT-TWtransfer RNAtRNA-Tryptophan (Trp or W)05,512–05,579H
MT-TYtransfer RNAtRNA-Tyrosine (Tyr or Y)05,826–05,891L
MT-TVtransfer RNAtRNA-Valine (Val or V)01,602–01,670H
MT-RNR1ribosomal RNASmall subunit : SSU (12S)00,648–01,601H
MT-RNR2ribosomal RNALarge subunit : LSU (16S)01,671–03,229H
Criterios diagnósticos de enfermedad mitocondrial. Cuando sospechar la presencia de una enfermedad mitocondrial.
Cuando solicitar estudio  de enfermedades mitocodriales si se ha realizado secuenciación NGS. Que te puedes perder si has realizado una secuenciación NGS y buscas una enfermedad mitocondrial.
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