
1. Clasificación por tamaño de unidad
- STR (microsatélites): 1-6 pb → grueso de patología neurológica
- VNTR (sentido amplio): número variable de copias, unidad mayor
- Minisatélites clásicos: 10-60 pb (INS, MUC1)
- Macrosatélites: miles de pb — mismo principio (nº variable de copias), unidad muchísimo mayor (FSHD/D4Z4)

2. Por qué son inestables (mecanismo común)
- Deslizamiento de la ADN polimerasa durante replicación
- Hebra naciente se disocia y reasocia en registro desplazado → bucle
- Bucle en hebra naciente → expansión
- Bucle en hebra molde → contracción
- A mayor longitud previa, mayor probabilidad de bucle → inestabilidad no lineal tras umbral crítico (normal → premutación → mutación completa)
Consecuencia clínica: anticipación genética = manifestación fenotípica de esta inestabilidad meiótica creciente (sesgo paterno o materno según la enfermedad).
3. Tres mecanismos según localización de la repetición (bloque STR)

A) Exón codificante, tripletes (CAG=poliQ)
- Proteína anómala con tracto de poliglutamina
- Mal plegamiento → agregación intranuclear
- Ganancia de función tóxica, dominante
- Ej.: Huntington, SCAs, Kennedy (ligada a X)
B) Región no codificante (UTR, intrón), gran expansión
- Silenciamiento epigenético → hipermetilación → pérdida de función (X frágil, Friedreich)
- Toxicidad de ARN → secuestro de proteínas de splicing por ARN mensajero con repetición expandida (miotónica, C9orf72)
STR によって引き起こされる神経疾患。
| 表現型の短縮形 (MIM 番号) | 遺伝子 | 継承のモード | リピートモチーフ | 遺伝子上の位置 | 病原性リピート数a | 染色体 | 座標 (hg38) | 臨床表現型 | 参考文献 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C9-FTD C9-ALS (#10550) | C9orf72 | 広告。 | GGGGCC | 5 ’リージョン | 24 -4000 | ch9 | 27573485 | 27573546 | 前頭側頭型認知症、筋萎縮性側索硬化症 | [32, 47, 65] |
| キャンバス (#614575) | RFC1 | A.R. | (ああああ)400–2000 (ACAGG)経験値 AAAAG(通常) | イントロン2 | 400–2000 | ch4 | 39348425 | 39348483 | 小脳失調症、神経障害、前庭反射症候群 | [11, 28, 138] |
| DM1 (#160900) | DMPK | 広告。 | CTG (中断:CCG) | 3' 領域 | 50~10,000 | ch19 | 45770205 | 45770266 | 筋強直性ジストロフィー 1 | [60, 176] |
| DM2 (#602668) | CNBP (ZNF9) | 広告。 | CCTG | イントロン 1 | 50~11,000 | chr3 | 129172577 | 129172656 | 筋強直性ジストロフィー 2 | [176] |
| DRPLA (#125370) | ATN1 | 広告。 | 全能神教会 | エクソン5 | 49–93 | ch12 | 6936717 | 6936775 | 歯状赤核淡蒼球ルイ体萎縮症 | [78] |
| EIEE1/XLID (#308350) (#300419) (#300215) | ARX | XL | GCC | エクソン2 | 17–27 | chrX | 25013654 | 25013697 | 発達性脳症およびてんかん性脳症 1、生殖器異常を伴う水脳症、X 連鎖性滑脳症 2、X 連鎖性精神遅滞 29 を含む疾患の臨床スペクトル | [73, 150] |
| FAME 1 (# 601068) | SAMD12 | 広告。 | TTTCA TTTTAリピート領域内 | イントロン 4 | 105–3680 | chr8 | 118366813 | 118366918 | 家族性成人ミオクロニーてんかん 1 | [22, 68] |
| 名声2 (#607876) | STARD 7 | 広告。 | アッタチ ATTTTリピート領域内 | イントロン 1 | 150~460 | ch2 | 96197067 | 96197124 | 家族性成人ミオクロニーてんかん 2 | [27] |
| フェイム3 (#613608) | MARCHF6 | 広告。 | TTTCA TTTTAリピート領域内 | イントロン 1 | 700–1035 | chr5 | 10356339 | 10356411 | 家族性成人ミオクロニーてんかん 3 | [40] |
| 名声6 (#618074) | TNRC6A | 広告。 | TTTCA TTTTAリピート領域内 | イントロン 1 | ? (1家族のみ) | ch16 | 24613439 | 24613532 | 家族性成人ミオクロニーてんかん 6 | [68] |
| フェイム7 (#618075) | RAPGEF2 | 広告。 | TTTCA TTTTAリピート領域内 | イントロン14 | ? (1家族のみ) | ch4 | 159342527 | 159342618 | 家族性成人ミオクロニーてんかん 7 | [68] |
| フラックス (#309548) | FMR2 (AFF2) | XLR | GCC | 5 ’リージョン | > 200 | chrX | 148500605 | 148500753 | 精神遅滞、X 連鎖、FRAXE 型 | [53] |
| FRDA (#229300) | FXN | A.R. | GAA | イントロン 1 | 66–1300 | ch9 | 69037275 | 69037314 | フリードライヒ運動失調症 | [5, 19, 162] |
| FXS (#300624) FXTAS (#300623) | FMR 1 | XL | CGG | 5 ’リージョン | 200~3000 55~200 | chrX | 147911979 | 147912111 | 脆弱X症候群 脆弱X振戦/運動失調症候群、早発卵巣不全1 | [162] [56] |
| HD (#143100) | HTT | 広告。 | 全能神教会 (中断:CAA) | エクソン1 | 36~250 | ch4 | 3074876 | 3074941 | ハンチントン病 | [96, 101] |
| HDL1 (#603218) | PRNP | 広告。 | 24ベース オクタペプチドPHGGGWGQ | エクソン2 | 8~14 | chr20 | 4699379 | 4699380 | ハンチントン病様1 | [108] |
| HDL2 (#606438) | JPH3 | 広告。 | CTG | エクソン2A | 40–59 | ch16 | 87604283 | 87604329 | ハンチントン病様2 | [62] |
| HMN | VWA1 | A.R. | GGCGCGGAGC | エクソン1 | 3 | chr1 | 1435799 | 1435820 | 遺伝性軸索運動神経障害 | [121] |
| 感染研 (#603472) | ノッチ2NLC | 広告。 | CGG | 5'領域 | 66–517 | chr1 | 149390803 | 149390842 | 神経核内封入体疾患 | [55, 118, 146] |
| OPDM1 (#164310) | LRP12 | 広告。 | CGG | 5'領域 | 90~130 | chr8 | 104588965 | 104588999 | 眼咽頭遠位性ミオパチー | [69] |
| OPDM2 (#618940) | GIPC1 | 広告。 | CGG | 5 ’リージョン | 70~164 | ch19 | 14496029 | 14496104 | 眼咽頭遠位性ミオパチー | [172] |
| OPMD (#164300) | PABPN1 | 広告。 | G.C.G. | エクソン1 | 7–18 | ch14 | 23321472 | 23321511 | 眼咽頭筋ジストロフィー | [15, 129] |
| OPML1 (#618637) | NUTM2B-AS1 | 広告。 | CGG | 5'領域 | 16~160 | ch10 | 79826364 | 79826403 | 白質脳症を伴う眼咽頭ミオパチー 1 | [69] |
| SBMA (#313200) | A.R. | XLR | 全能神教会 | エクソン1 | 38–68 | chrX | 67545317 | 67545419 | ケネディ球脊髄性筋萎縮症(ケネディ病) | [44, 82, 147] |
| SCA1 (#164400) | ATXN1 | 広告。 | 全能神教会 (中断: CAT) | エクソン8 | 39–91 | chr6 | 16327636 | 16327723 | 脊髄小脳失調症 1 | [120, 141] |
| SCA2 (#183090) | ATXN2 | 広告。 | 全能神教会 (中断: CAA、CGG、CGC) | エクソン1 | 33~200 (29–32 ALSリスクの増加) | ch12 | 111598950 | 111599019 | 脊髄小脳失調症 2 | [18, 133, 141, 148] |
| SCA3 (#109150) | ATXN3 | 広告。 | 全能神教会 | エクソン10 | 53–87 | ch14 | 92071011 | 92071052 | 脊髄小脳失調症 3 | [74] |
| SCA6 (183086) | CACNA1A | 広告。 | 全能神教会 | エクソン47 | 19–33 | ch19 | 13207858 | 13207897 | 脊髄小脳失調症 6 | [141, 181] |
| SCA7 (#164500) | ATXN7 | 広告。 | 全能神教会 | エクソン1 | 34~460 | chr3 | 63912685 | 63912716 | 脊髄小脳失調症 7 | [18, 30] |
| SCA8 (#608768) | ATXN8 | 広告。 | CAG/タグ | 3'-末端非翻訳領域 | 74 -1300 | ch13 | 70139383 | 70139428 | 脊髄小脳失調症 8 | [79, 141, 155] |
| SCA10 (#603516) | ATXN10 | 広告。 | 攻撃する (中断:ATCCT) | イントロン9 | 280~4500 | ch22 | 45795355 | 45795424 | 脊髄小脳失調症 10 | [88, 100, 141] |
| SCA12 (#604326) | PPP2R2B | 広告。 | 全能神教会 | 5 ’リージョン | 51–78 | chr5 | 146878729 | 146878758 | 脊髄小脳失調症 12 | [63, 94, 141] |
| SCA17 (#607136) | 未定 | 広告。 | 全能神教会 (中断:CAT、CAA) | エクソン3 | 43–66 | chr6 | 170561907 | 170562017 | 脊髄小脳失調症 17 名、ハンチントン病様 4 名 | [97, 115, 141] |
| SCA31 (#117210) | ビーン1 | 広告。 | TGGAA TAAAA および TAGAA リピート領域内 | イントロン/ 遺伝子間領域 | 500~760 (> 110 TGGAA リピート) | ch16 | 66495475 | 66495509 | 脊髄小脳失調症 31 | [134] |
| SCA36 (#614153) | NOP56 | 広告。 | GGCCTG | イントロン 1 | 650~2500 | chr20 | 2652733 | 2652775 | 脊髄小脳失調症 36 | [77] |
| SCA37 (#615945) | DAB1 | 広告。 | アッタチ 内 (ATTTT)7~400 リピート領域 | 5 ’リージョン | 31–75 | chr1 | 57367044 | 57367125 | 脊髄小脳失調症 37 | [139] |
| ULD (#254800) | CSTB | A.R. | CCCCGCCCCGCG | 上流 5'-末端非翻訳領域 | 30~125 | chr21 | 43776444 | 43776479 | 進行性ミオクロニーてんかん 1A (ウンバーリヒト・ルンドボー病) | [87, 91] |
aこれらの範囲は研究によって異なり、多くの場合上限は不明です。これらは潜在的に病原性があるだけであることに注意することが重要です。健康な対照集団の中には、臨床症状のない拡張対立遺伝子を持つ少数のサブセクション (< 1%) が存在します。同様に、指定された範囲よりも低い対立遺伝子が存在し、中間の対立遺伝子と前突然変異症候群が発生する可能性があります。
STR によって引き起こされる先天性および発達性疾患。
| 表現型( OMIM #) | 遺伝子 | モチーフ | 病原性リピート数 | 位置 | (hg38) | 参考文献 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BPES (#110100) | FOXL2 | G.C.G. | 22–24 | エクソン | chr3 | 138946022 | 138946062 | [116] |
| CCHS (#209880) | PHOX2B | G.C.G. | 24–33 | エクソン | ch4 | 41745976 | 41746022 | [7] |
| DBQD2 (#615777) | XYLT1 | GGC | 100~800 | 5 ’リージョン | ch16 | 17470869 | 17470967 | [86] |
| FECD3 (#613267) | TCF4 | TGC | > 50 | イントロン | ch18a | 55222184a | 55635956a | [167] |
| GDPAG (#618412) | GLS | GCA | > 300 | 5 ’リージョン | ch2 | 190880873 | 190880920 | [159] |
| H.F.G. (#140000) | ホクサ13 | G.C.G. | 24–26 | エクソン | chr7 | 27199827 | 27199967 | [50] |
| HPE5 (#609637) | ZIC2 | G.C.G. | 25 | エクソン | ch13 | 99985449 | 99985494 | [17] |
| HSAN8 (#616488) | PRDM12 | G.C.G. | 18–19 | エクソン | ch9 | 130681606 | 130681641 | [23] |
| SPD1 (#186000) | HOXD13 | G.C.G. | 22~29 | エクソン | ch2 | 176093058 | 176093099 | [2] |
| XLMR (#300123) | SOX3 | G.C.G. | 15~26 | エクソン | chr3 | 181712415 | 181712456 | [89] |
aリストされた遺伝子全体の位置
4. Bloque VNTR (sentido amplio)

Minisatélites clásicos
- Variación de número de copias sin umbral patogénico brusco
- Modulan riesgo poligénico (INS → diabetes tipo 1) o causan enfermedad estructural (MUC1 → ADTKD)
- Base histórica del «DNA fingerprinting» forense
Macrosatélites
— FSHD como caso paradigmático
- D4Z4 (subtelómero 4q35): unidad de 3.3 kb
- Normal: 11-100 copias / Patológico: ≤10 copias (FSHD1) — contracción, no expansión
- Contracción abre cromatina → desrepresión de DUX4 (normalmente silenciado en músculo adulto) → toxicidad
- Requiere haplotipo permisivo 4qA (misma contracción en 4qB no causa enfermedad)
- FSHD2: array normal, pero mutación en SMCHD1 → mismo resultado (desrepresión de DUX4) por vía trans, no por contracción cis
- No sigue anticipación genética clásica (mecanismo epigenético, no carrera de repeticiones)
- Sí, hay un grupo pequeño pero importante de enfermedades que comparten con FSHD el mecanismo «atípico» (repetición grande, no microsatélite clásico, y/o mecanismo epigenético en vez de toxicidad directa). Las más relevantes para tu esquema:
—- Síndrome ICF (Inmunodeficiencia, Inestabilidad Centromérica, anomalías Faciales)
- Afecta repeticiones satélite 2 y 3 (secuencias pericentroméricas, no D4Z4, pero mismo principio de macrosatélite/heterocromatina repetitiva)
- Mecanismo: mutaciones en DNMT3B (o ZBTB24, CDCA7, HELLS) → hipometilación de estas regiones repetidas → descondensación pericentromérica → inestabilidad cromosómica
- Es prácticamente el equivalente autosómico recesivo del mecanismo de FSHD2: falla la maquinaria que mantiene silenciada la heterocromatina repetitiva, en vez de fallar la repetición misma
—- Epilepsia mioclónica progresiva tipo 1 (Unverricht-Lundborg).
- Gen CSTB (cistatina B)
- Repetición dodecámera (12 pb) en el promotor — tamaño frontera entre microsatélite y minisatélite, otro caso que no encaja limpiamente en STR clásico
- Mecanismo: expansión (a diferencia de FSHD) pero el resultado es pérdida de función por reducción transcripcional, no toxicidad de proteína ni de ARN — la expansión en el promotor simplemente dificulta la transcripción del gen
- Útil como contraste: expansión que causa pérdida de función pura, sin ganancia tóxica
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