1. Clasificación por tamaño de unidad

  • STR (microsatélites): 1-6 pb → grueso de patología neurológica
  • VNTR (sentido amplio): número variable de copias, unidad mayor
  • Minisatélites clásicos: 10-60 pb (INS, MUC1)
  • Macrosatélites: miles de pb — mismo principio (nº variable de copias), unidad muchísimo mayor (FSHD/D4Z4)

2. Por qué son inestables (mecanismo común)

  • Deslizamiento de la ADN polimerasa durante replicación
  • Hebra naciente se disocia y reasocia en registro desplazado → bucle
  • Bucle en hebra naciente → expansión
  • Bucle en hebra molde → contracción
  • A mayor longitud previa, mayor probabilidad de bucle → inestabilidad no lineal tras umbral crítico (normal → premutación → mutación completa)

Consecuencia clínica: anticipación genética = manifestación fenotípica de esta inestabilidad meiótica creciente (sesgo paterno o materno según la enfermedad).

3. Tres mecanismos según localización de la repetición (bloque STR)

A) Exón codificante, tripletes (CAG=poliQ)

  • Proteína anómala con tracto de poliglutamina
  • Mal plegamiento → agregación intranuclear
  • Ganancia de función tóxica, dominante
  • Ej.: Huntington, SCAs, Kennedy (ligada a X)

B) Región no codificante (UTR, intrón), gran expansión

  • Silenciamiento epigenético → hipermetilación → pérdida de función (X frágil, Friedreich)
  • Toxicidad de ARN → secuestro de proteínas de splicing por ARN mensajero con repetición expandida (miotónica, C9orf72)
STR によって引き起こされる神経疾患。
表現型の短縮形 (MIM 番号)遺伝子継承のモードリピートモチーフ遺伝子上の位置病原性リピート数a染色体座標 (hg38)臨床表現型参考文献
C9-FTD
C9-ALS
(#10550)
C9orf72広告。GGGGCC5 ’リージョン24 -4000ch92757348527573546前頭側頭型認知症、筋萎縮性側索硬化症[32, 47, 65]
キャンバス
(#614575)
RFC1A.R.(ああああ)400–2000
(ACAGG)経験値
AAAAG(通常)
イントロン2400–2000ch43934842539348483小脳失調症、神経障害、前庭反射症候群[11, 28, 138]
DM1
(#160900)
DMPK広告。CTG
(中断:CCG)
3' 領域50~10,000ch194577020545770266筋強直性ジストロフィー 1[60, 176]
DM2
(#602668)
CNBP (ZNF9)広告。CCTGイントロン 150~11,000chr3129172577129172656筋強直性ジストロフィー 2[176]
DRPLA
(#125370)
ATN1広告。全能神教会エクソン549–93ch1269367176936775歯状赤核淡蒼球ルイ体萎縮症[78]
EIEE1/XLID
(#308350)
(#300419)
(#300215)
ARXXLGCCエクソン217–27chrX2501365425013697発達性脳症およびてんかん性脳症 1、生殖器異常を伴う水脳症、X 連鎖性滑脳症 2、X 連鎖性精神遅滞 29 を含む疾患の臨床スペクトル[73, 150]
FAME 1 (# 601068)SAMD12広告。TTTCA
TTTTAリピート領域内
イントロン 4105–3680chr8118366813118366918家族性成人ミオクロニーてんかん 1[22, 68]
名声2
(#607876)
STARD 7広告。アッタチ
ATTTTリピート領域内
イントロン 1150~460ch29619706796197124家族性成人ミオクロニーてんかん 2[27]
フェイム3
(#613608)
MARCHF6広告。TTTCA
TTTTAリピート領域内
イントロン 1700–1035chr51035633910356411家族性成人ミオクロニーてんかん 3[40]
名声6
(#618074)
TNRC6A広告。TTTCA
TTTTAリピート領域内
イントロン 1?
(1家族のみ)
ch162461343924613532家族性成人ミオクロニーてんかん 6[68]
フェイム7
(#618075)
RAPGEF2広告。TTTCA
TTTTAリピート領域内
イントロン14?
(1家族のみ)
ch4159342527159342618家族性成人ミオクロニーてんかん 7[68]
フラックス
(#309548)
FMR2 (AFF2)XLRGCC5 ’リージョン > 200chrX148500605148500753精神遅滞、X 連鎖、FRAXE 型[53]
FRDA
(#229300)
FXNA.R.GAAイントロン 166–1300ch96903727569037314フリードライヒ運動失調症[5, 19, 162]
FXS
(#300624)
FXTAS
(#300623)
FMR 1XLCGG5 ’リージョン200~3000
55~200
chrX147911979147912111脆弱X症候群
脆弱X振戦/運動失調症候群、早発卵巣不全1
[162]
[56]
HD
(#143100)
HTT広告。全能神教会
(中断:CAA)
エクソン136~250ch430748763074941ハンチントン病[96, 101]
HDL1
(#603218)
PRNP広告。24ベース
オクタペプチドPHGGGWGQ
エクソン28~14chr2046993794699380ハンチントン病様1[108]
HDL2
(#606438)
JPH3広告。CTGエクソン2A40–59ch168760428387604329ハンチントン病様2[62]
HMNVWA1A.R.GGCGCGGAGCエクソン13chr114357991435820遺伝性軸索運動神経障害[121]
感染研
(#603472)
ノッチ2NLC広告。CGG5'領域66–517chr1149390803149390842神経核内封入体疾患[55, 118, 146]
OPDM1
(#164310)
LRP12広告。CGG5'領域90~130chr8104588965104588999眼咽頭遠位性ミオパチー[69]
OPDM2
(#618940)
GIPC1広告。CGG5 ’リージョン70~164ch191449602914496104眼咽頭遠位性ミオパチー[172]
OPMD
(#164300)
PABPN1広告。G.C.G.エクソン17–18ch142332147223321511眼咽頭筋ジストロフィー[15, 129]
OPML1
(#618637)
NUTM2B-AS1広告。CGG5'領域16~160ch107982636479826403白質脳症を伴う眼咽頭ミオパチー 1[69]
SBMA
(#313200)
A.R.XLR全能神教会エクソン138–68chrX6754531767545419ケネディ球脊髄性筋萎縮症(ケネディ病)[44, 82, 147]
SCA1
(#164400)
ATXN1広告。全能神教会
(中断: CAT)
エクソン839–91chr61632763616327723脊髄小脳失調症 1[120, 141]
SCA2
(#183090)
ATXN2広告。全能神教会
(中断: CAA、CGG、CGC)
エクソン133~200
(29–32
ALSリスクの増加)
ch12111598950111599019脊髄小脳失調症 2[18, 133, 141, 148]
SCA3
(#109150)
ATXN3広告。全能神教会エクソン1053–87ch149207101192071052脊髄小脳失調症 3[74]
SCA6
(183086)
CACNA1A広告。全能神教会エクソン4719–33ch191320785813207897脊髄小脳失調症 6[141, 181]
SCA7
(#164500)
ATXN7広告。全能神教会エクソン134~460chr36391268563912716脊髄小脳失調症 7[18, 30]
SCA8
(#608768)
ATXN8広告。CAG/タグ3'-末端非翻訳領域74 -1300ch137013938370139428脊髄小脳失調症 8[79, 141, 155]
SCA10
(#603516)
ATXN10広告。攻撃する
(中断:ATCCT)
イントロン9280~4500ch224579535545795424脊髄小脳失調症 10[88, 100, 141]
SCA12
(#604326)
PPP2R2B広告。全能神教会5 ’リージョン51–78chr5146878729146878758脊髄小脳失調症 12[63, 94, 141]
SCA17
(#607136)
未定広告。全能神教会
(中断:CAT、CAA)
エクソン343–66chr6170561907170562017脊髄小脳失調症 17 名、ハンチントン病様 4 名[97, 115, 141]
SCA31
(#117210)
ビーン1広告。TGGAA
TAAAA および TAGAA リピート領域内
イントロン/
遺伝子間領域
500~760
(> 110 TGGAA リピート)
ch166649547566495509脊髄小脳失調症 31[134]
SCA36
(#614153)
NOP56広告。GGCCTGイントロン 1650~2500chr2026527332652775脊髄小脳失調症 36[77]
SCA37
(#615945)
DAB1広告。アッタチ
内 (ATTTT)7~400 リピート領域
5 ’リージョン31–75chr15736704457367125脊髄小脳失調症 37[139]
ULD
(#254800)
CSTBA.R.CCCCGCCCCGCG上流
5'-末端非翻訳領域
30~125chr214377644443776479進行性ミオクロニーてんかん 1A (ウンバーリヒト・ルンドボー病)[87, 91]
ALS、筋萎縮性側索硬化症。 AS、アンチセンスRNA。 CANVAS、小脳性運動失調神経障害および前庭反射症候群。 DM1;筋強直性ジストロフィー 1; DM2;筋強直性ジストロフィー 2; DRPLA、歯状赤核淡淡蒼球ルイ体萎縮症。 EIEE1、早期乳児てんかん性脳症 1。 FAME、家族性成人ミオクロニーてんかん。 FRAXE、脆弱XE症候群。 FRDA、フリードライヒ運動失調症。 FTD、前頭側頭型認知症。 FXS、脆弱X症候群。 FXTAS、脆弱-X振戦/運動失調症候群。 HMN、遺伝性運動神経障害。 HD、ハンチントン病。 HDL2、ハンチントン病様2; HDL1、ハンチントン病様1; LMN、下位運動ニューロン。 NIID、神経核内封入体疾患。 OPDM、眼咽頭遠位ミオパチー。 OPMD、眼咽頭筋ジストロフィー。 OPML、白質脳症を伴う眼咽頭ミオパチー。 SBMA、球脊髄性筋萎縮症。 SCA、脊髄小脳失調症。 ULD、ウンバーリヒト・ルンドボー病; UMN、上位運動ニューロン。 XLID、X 連鎖知的障害。
aこれらの範囲は研究によって異なり、多くの場合上限は不明です。これらは潜在的に病原性があるだけであることに注意することが重要です。健康な対照集団の中には、臨床症状のない拡張対立遺伝子を持つ少数のサブセクション (< 1%) が存在します。同様に、指定された範囲よりも低い対立遺伝子が存在し、中間の対立遺伝子と前突然変異症候群が発生する可能性があります。
STR によって引き起こされる先天性および発達性疾患。
表現型( OMIM #)遺伝子モチーフ病原性リピート数位置(hg38)参考文献
BPES
(#110100)
FOXL2G.C.G.22–24エクソンchr3138946022138946062[116]
CCHS
(#209880)
PHOX2BG.C.G.24–33エクソンch44174597641746022[7]
DBQD2
(#615777)
XYLT1GGC100~8005 ’リージョンch161747086917470967[86]
FECD3
(#613267)
TCF4TGC > 50イントロンch18a55222184a55635956a[167]
GDPAG
(#618412)
GLSGCA > 3005 ’リージョンch2190880873190880920[159]
H.F.G.
(#140000)
ホクサ13G.C.G.24–26エクソンchr72719982727199967[50]
HPE5
(#609637)
ZIC2G.C.G.25エクソンch139998544999985494[17]
HSAN8
(#616488)
PRDM12G.C.G.18–19エクソンch9130681606130681641[23]
SPD1
(#186000)
HOXD13G.C.G.22~29エクソンch2176093058176093099[2]
XLMR
(#300123)
SOX3G.C.G.15~26エクソンchr3181712415181712456[89]
BPES、眼瞼包茎、逆内眼角、眼瞼下垂; CCHS、先天性中枢性低換気症候群。 DBQD2、デスブコワ異形成2; FECD3、フックス角膜内皮ジストロフィー 3; GDPAG、世界的な発達遅延、進行性運動失調、グルタミンの上昇。 HFG、手足生殖器症候群。 HPE5、全前脳症 5; SPD1、合多指症1; XLMR、X連鎖精神遅滞
aリストされた遺伝子全体の位置

4. Bloque VNTR (sentido amplio)

Minisatélites clásicos

  • Variación de número de copias sin umbral patogénico brusco
  • Modulan riesgo poligénico (INS → diabetes tipo 1) o causan enfermedad estructural (MUC1 → ADTKD)
  • Base histórica del «DNA fingerprinting» forense

Macrosatélites

— FSHD como caso paradigmático

  • D4Z4 (subtelómero 4q35): unidad de 3.3 kb
  • Normal: 11-100 copias / Patológico: ≤10 copias (FSHD1) — contracción, no expansión
  • Contracción abre cromatina → desrepresión de DUX4 (normalmente silenciado en músculo adulto) → toxicidad
  • Requiere haplotipo permisivo 4qA (misma contracción en 4qB no causa enfermedad)
  • FSHD2: array normal, pero mutación en SMCHD1 → mismo resultado (desrepresión de DUX4) por vía trans, no por contracción cis
  • No sigue anticipación genética clásica (mecanismo epigenético, no carrera de repeticiones)
  • Sí, hay un grupo pequeño pero importante de enfermedades que comparten con FSHD el mecanismo «atípico» (repetición grande, no microsatélite clásico, y/o mecanismo epigenético en vez de toxicidad directa). Las más relevantes para tu esquema:

—- Síndrome ICF (Inmunodeficiencia, Inestabilidad Centromérica, anomalías Faciales)

  • Afecta repeticiones satélite 2 y 3 (secuencias pericentroméricas, no D4Z4, pero mismo principio de macrosatélite/heterocromatina repetitiva)
  • Mecanismo: mutaciones en DNMT3B (o ZBTB24, CDCA7, HELLS) → hipometilación de estas regiones repetidas → descondensación pericentromérica → inestabilidad cromosómica
  • Es prácticamente el equivalente autosómico recesivo del mecanismo de FSHD2: falla la maquinaria que mantiene silenciada la heterocromatina repetitiva, en vez de fallar la repetición misma

—- Epilepsia mioclónica progresiva tipo 1 (Unverricht-Lundborg).

  • Gen CSTB (cistatina B)
  • Repetición dodecámera (12 pb) en el promotor — tamaño frontera entre microsatélite y minisatélite, otro caso que no encaja limpiamente en STR clásico
  • Mecanismo: expansión (a diferencia de FSHD) pero el resultado es pérdida de función por reducción transcripcional, no toxicidad de proteína ni de ARN — la expansión en el promotor simplemente dificulta la transcripción del gen
  • Útil como contraste: expansión que causa pérdida de función pura, sin ganancia tóxica
19955111 {19955111:N989PCPW},{19955111:XHVJIQA4} 1 バンクーバー 50 デフォルト 2455 https://neuropediatoolkit.org/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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