の 大規模エクソームシーケンスは、単一遺伝性メンデル病の遺伝子診断において最も費用効率の高い戦略ですが、それ自体の設計によって課せられた制限があります。それは、イントロン領域の配列決定が含まれていないということです。全ゲノムの大規模解読が可能になったとはいえ、この技術で得られた情報を処理するために必要なバイオインフォマティクス技術や科学的蓄積は、日常臨床で使用できるほどまだ成熟していません。このため、一部の疾患はエクソーム配列決定では検出されないディープイントロン変異によって説明できる可能性があることに注意しなければなりません。

これは劣性疾患の場合に特に興味深いものであり、複合ヘテロ接合性の可能性を考慮すると、一方の対立遺伝子で病原性バリアントが検出されたが、もう一方の対立遺伝子では検出されなかった場合、その疾患を強く示唆する表現型を持つ場合には考慮する必要があります。

スプライシング。

イントロン変異が表現型に影響を与えるメカニズムは、主にスプライシングに関係しています。

ゲノム内のイントロンの存在は、真核細胞の特徴的な生物学的現象であり、それが持つ進化上の主な利点は、エクソンのさまざまな組み合わせを選択できることであり、これにより遺伝子発現の多様性が高まります。 DNA の正確なコピーであるプレ RNA 配列からイントロンのない mRNA 配列を取得するプロセスは、スプライシングとして知られています。この機能を担うリボ核タンパク質機構は、として知られています。 スプライソソーム.

メジャースプライセオソームとマイナースプライセオソームの主に2つがあります。それは、アクティベーター (エンヘイサー) とサイレンサー (サイレンサー) を含む複数のメカニズムによって調整される機械です。これらのモジュレーターの作用により、として知られる現象が引き起こされます。 代替スプライシング、そのため、同じ遺伝子が状況に応じて異なるタンパク質産物を生み出すことができます。現在の推定によると、病気の原因となる単一遺伝子点変異の約 15 ~ 50% が pre-RNA スプライシングに影響を及ぼし、その大部分はスプライス結合に影響を与えると考えられています。

イントロン変異の発症メカニズム。
  • 偽エクソンの組み込み。
  • 自然なスプライシング部位との競合。
  • 転写調節要素の破壊。
  • 非コーディング RNA の不活性化。
  • 染色体の再構成。
文献に記載されている病原性イントロン変異を伴う疾患。
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